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4 Pseudomomentum and pseudoenergy are both measures of wave activity for disturbances 5 in a fluid, relative to a notional background state. Together they give information on the 6 propagation, growth and decay of disturbances. Wave activity conservation laws are most 7 readily derived for the primitive equations on the sphere by using isentropic coordinates. 8 However, the intersection of isentropic surfaces with the ground (and associated potential 9 temperature anomalies) are a crucial aspect of baroclinic wave evolution. A new expression 10 is derived for pseudoenergy that is valid for large amplitude disturbances spanning isentropic 11 layers that may intersect the ground. The pseudoenergy of small amplitude disturbances is 12 also obtained by linearising about a zonally symmetric background state. The new expression 13 generalises previous pseudoenergy results for quasi-geostrophic disturbances on the β-plane 14 and complements existing large amplitude results for pseudomomentum. 15 The pseudomomentum and pseudoenergy diagnostics are applied to an extended winter 16 from ERA-Interim data. The time series identify distinct phenomena such as a baroclinic 17 wave life cycle where the wave activity in boundary potential temperature saturates nonlin18 early almost two days before the peak in wave activity near the tropopause. The coherent 19 zonal propagation speed of disturbances at tropopause level, including distinct eastward, 20 westward and stationary phases, is shown to be dictated by the ratio of total hemispheric 21 pseudoenergy to pseudomomentum. Variations in the lower boundary contribution to pseu22 doenergy dominate changes in propagation speed; phases of westward progression are asso23 ciated with stronger boundary potential temperature perturbations. 24